What do military drug tests test for?

What do Military Drug Tests Test for?

Drug use can have severe consequences for members of the military, threatening their health, performance, and safety as well as the integrity and effectiveness of the military as a whole. To prevent and identify drug use, the military conducts regular drug testing programs for its personnel. These tests are designed to detect the presence of various controlled substances, including illegal drugs, prescription drugs, and performance-enhancing substances. In this article, we will explore what military drug tests test for and provide an overview of the military’s drug testing program.

What Does the Military Test for?

Illicit Drugs

Illicit drugs, including controlled substances, are illegal in the military. The Drug-Related Article 12 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) prohibits the possession, use, or distribution of these drugs. The most common illicit drugs tested for in the military include:

• Cocaine: A highly addictive drug that can lead to rapid physical and mental decline, cocaine is considered a Class I drug, making it one of the most stringent to test for.
• Heroin: Another highly addictive and dangerous drug, heroin is often trafficked and distributed in combination with other illegal substances, such as cocaine or heroin.
• Marijuana: While marijuana is often legalized for medical or recreational use in certain jurisdictions, it remains illegal in the military.
• Prescription Opioids: Opioids, like oxycodone (OxyContin) or hydrocodone (Vicodin), can be dangerous if not prescribed or taken correctly. Unlawful use of opioids can lead to addiction, overdose, or other complications.

Prescription Medications

While prescription drugs are legal, the military places strict limits on their use and testing for certain substances is mandatory. These drugs, if misused or consumed in excess, can harm military personnel, compromise effectiveness, and potentially lead to adverse reactions.

• Prescription Opiates: As mentioned earlier, prescription opioids like oxycodone and hydrocodone are common targets in military drug tests.
• Stimulants: Prescription stimulants like Adderall can be dangerous when used non-medically, as they can lead to addiction or adverse reactions.

Other Substances

The military also tests for other substances, including:

• Performance-Enhancing Drugs (PEDs): Substances designed to boost athletic performance or improve alertness, PEDs like anabolic steroids, hormone supplements, or other "designer drugs" can compromise the integrity of athletic competitions and create unfair advantages.
• Illegal Controlled Substances: Substances not specifically mentioned in military regulations but are still deemed illegal, such as drugs used for pain relief (e.g., codeine or fentanyl) without a valid prescription.

How Are Drug Tests Performed?

Military drug tests typically involve Urine Tests and sometimes Blood Tests:

• Urine Tests: Urine samples are collected and then analyzed using various methods, including ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) tests and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry). Urine tests are inexpensive and widely available.
• Blood Tests: These tests involve drawing blood and analyzing it using methods such as GC-MS and LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry). Blood tests are often used to detect drug presence in large quantities or in cases of suspected overdose.

Screening Process

The Military’s Screening Process involves the following steps:

1. Random or Mandatory Testing: Military members may be randomly selected or required to participate in testing due to circumstances, such as:

   • Promotion or transfer to a specialized unit
   • Receipt of a waiver or restricted license
   • Following an incident or near-accident involving a fatigued or impaired aircrew member

2. Collection of Sample: The test participant is notified and required to provide a urine or blood sample
3. Testing Laboratory: The collected sample is sent to a testing laboratory for analysis
4. Positive Results: Positive results are reviewed and may require additional testing or actions
5. Counseling and Rehabilitation: Those testing positive may participate in counseling, rehabilitation programs, or disciplinary actions.

Consequences of Non-Compliance

• Article 15 Action: A non-judicial punishment may be awarded for drug use, and the individual may face negative personnel actions (e.g., demotions, rank reductions, or loss of privileges)
• Counseling: Individuals deemed to have misused or been impaired by drugs may be required to attend mandatory counseling sessions
• Administrative Discharge: Repeat offenders or those considered to be a risk to themselves or others may be administratively separated from service
• Criminal Prosecution: Serious incidents, such as drug possession or distribution, may warrant criminal charges and court-martial proceedings

Prevention and Awareness

A comprehensive approach to preventing and addressing drug use in the military involves education, communication, and resources:

1. Commander Leadership: Leaders play a significant role in fostering a substance-free environment, setting policy, and promoting awareness of drug risks.
2. Drug Awareness Programs: Mandatory drug education programs can help raise awareness and increase understanding of the dangers associated with drug use.
3. Confidential Substance Abuse Hotline: All military members can access 24/7 support hotlines for anonymous reporting or seeking help.

In Conclusion

The military has a strict policy regarding drug use, testing for numerous substances to maintain a high level of health, integrity, and readiness. Illicit drugs, prescription opioids, and other substances posing risks to the individual, the unit, or society as a whole are deemed unacceptable. Drug tests ensure compliance with military regulations, detect drug use, and facilitate appropriate intervention and assistance for those struggling with drug-related issues. By embracing education, prevention, and support, the military endeavors to maintain a substance-free environment and a culture that prioritizes well-being, performance, and integrity.

References

• Office of the Judge Advocate General, "Military Drug and Substance Abuse Policies and Prevention"
• Army Regulation (AR) 600-85, "Drug Use by DoD Military, Federal Civilian, and Contractor Employees"
• United States Navy Bureau of Medicine, "Navy Health and Wellness Programs"
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• Department of the Air Force, "Air Force Pamphlet 44-123, ‘Air Force Drug Abuse Prevention Program’"
• United States Coast Guard, "Coast Guard Regulation 136.17, ‘Controlled Substance Abuse’"