What is aircraft fuel?

What is Aircraft Fuel?

Aircraft fuel, also known as aviation fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF), is a refined product derived from crude oil, designed to power the engines of aircraft. The development of aircraft fuel dates back to the early 20th century, with the first commercial flights requiring fuel that was specifically formulated to meet the unique demands of aviation.

Chemical Composition

Aircraft fuel is a complex blend of hydrocarbons, with a unique chemical composition that sets it apart from other types of fuel. The most common aircraft fuel is Jet-A or Jet-A1, a kerosene-based fuel that is widely used for commercial and general aviation. Other types of aircraft fuel include:

• JP-8: A turbo-fuel used by the military and some commercial operators
• JP-5: A similar fuel used by the military
• JP-54: A fuel used for diesel-powered aircraft

Aircraft fuel is characterized by its high flash point (around 38°C/100°F), high energy density, and low freezing point (-40°C/-40°F). These properties allow the fuel to be stored and transported safely, and to provide a reliable source of power for aircraft engines.

Types of Aircraft Fuel

There are several types of aircraft fuel, each with its own unique characteristics and uses:

• Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF): This is the most common type of aircraft fuel, used by most commercial and general aviation operators.
• High-Octane Aviation Fuel (HTF): Used for high-performance aircraft, this fuel has a higher octane rating than regular ATF.
• Synthetic Aviation Fuel (SAF): A more sustainable alternative to traditional aircraft fuel, made from renewable resources such as algae or agricultural waste.
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Fuel: A new, emerging technology that uses hydrogen to power aircraft engines, potentially reducing emissions and carbon footprint.

Properties and Performance

Aircraft fuel has several key properties and performance characteristics that make it unique and essential for aviation:

• Energy Density: The amount of energy stored in a given volume of fuel, measured in watt-hours per liter (Wh/L). Jet-A has an energy density of approximately 43.6 MJ/L.
• Flash Point: The lowest temperature at which a fuel can be ignited. Jet-A has a flash point of 38°C/100°F.
• Freezing Point: The lowest temperature at which a fuel will begin to freeze. Jet-A has a freezing point of -40°C/-40°F.
• Viscosity: A measure of a fuel’s thickness and flowability. Jet-A has a viscosity of 1.7 mm²/s.
• Cetane Number: A measure of a fuel’s ignitability and combustion efficiency. Jet-A has a cetane number of 40-50.

Manufacturing and Supply Chain

Aircraft fuel is manufactured from crude oil, using a multi-step process that involves refining, blending, and adding additives to enhance performance and meet regulatory requirements. The global aviation fuel market is dominated by a few large players, including Shell, ExxonMobil, and Total.

Storage and Handling

Aircraft fuel is typically stored in dedicated tanks or containers, designed to prevent leakage, spillage, and contamination. Handling and transportation regulations are strict, as the fuel is highly flammable and requires special precautions to ensure safe handling.

Conclusion

Aircraft fuel is a critical component of the aviation industry, powering the engines of aircraft that transport millions of people and goods around the world every day. With its unique chemical composition, properties, and performance characteristics, aircraft fuel is a sophisticated and complex product that requires careful manufacturing, storage, and handling. As the demand for sustainable and efficient fuels continues to grow, the development of new technologies and alternative fuels will be crucial to meeting the future needs of the aviation industry.

Table: Characteristics of Aircraft Fuel

Table: Types of Aircraft Fuel