What was the War Refugee Board?
The War Refugee Board (WRB) was an American agency established on December 18, 1938, to help European refugees fleeing persecution, mainly from Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Hungary. During World War II, the WRB played a crucial role in saving the lives of thousands of Jews and others persecuted by the Nazi regime. In this article, we will delve into the history, functions, and achievements of the War Refugee Board.
Early History
In the mid-1930s, as the Nazi regime tightened its grip on Europe, many Jews and political dissidents fled their homelands in search of safety. The U.S. government initially refused to intervene, citing the Neutrality Act of 1935, which prohibited American involvement in foreign wars. However, humanitarian organizations and advocates for refugee rights pressured the government to take action. In response, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the President’s Unfinished Business (PUB) on May 18, 1938. PUB’s mandate was to promote U.S. economic interests in Europe while also helping refugees.
Establishment of the War Refugee Board
Six months later, on December 18, 1938, the WRB replaced PUB. The board’s main objective was to assist European refugees, with a specific focus on Jewish victims of Nazi persecution. The WRB was chaired by Ruth Messinger, a former commissioner of immigration and a dedicated advocate for refugee rights.
Functions
The War Refugee Board’s functions can be summarized as follows:
- Assisting Refugees: The WRB provided financial aid, transportation, and documentation to refugees fleeing persecution.
- Coordinating Rescue Efforts: The board coordinated with international organizations, such as the International Refugee Organization (IRO), and worked with embassies, consulates, and aid agencies to facilitate rescue missions.
- Negotiating with Nazi Authorities: The WRB maintained a delicate dialogue with the Nazi regime to negotiate the release of Jews from concentration camps and provide assistance to those in dire need.
Achievements
During its two-year existence, the War Refugee Board made significant contributions to saving Jewish lives. Some of its notable achievements include:
- Rescue of the Danube River Swimmer: In March 1939, the WRB successfully negotiated with Nazi authorities to release 43 Jewish passengers who were detained on a Danube River ship and threatened with deportation to a concentration camp.
- Assistance to Children: The board provided 3,000 European refugee children with U.S. visas and transported them to the United States.
- Facilitating Refugee Admission: The WRB secured 1,700 visas for German, Austrian, and Hungarian refugees, enabling them to flee to the United States.
WRB Operations
The War Refugee Board’s operations can be categorized into three phases:
| Phase | Date | Major Achievements |
|---|---|---|
| Initial | Dec 1938 – Sep 1939 | Establishment, fundraising, and planning for refugee assistance |
| Operational | Oct 1939 – Sep 1941 | Rescue efforts, coordination with international organizations, and negotiation with Nazi authorities |
| Winding Down | Sep 1941 – June 1943 | Focus on remaining refugees, concluding rescue operations, and shutting down |
Impact
The War Refugee Board’s efforts played a significant role in saving Jewish lives and promoting refugee rights during World War II. Its success can be attributed to:
- Coordination and Diplomacy: The WRB’s ability to negotiate with Nazi authorities, coordinate with international organizations, and maintain relationships with aid agencies allowed it to efficiently facilitate refugee rescue.
- Government Support: Despite initial skepticism, the Roosevelt administration provided critical funding and support for the WRB’s efforts.
- Humanitarian Activism: The board’s dedicated staff, led by Ruth Messinger, demonstrated unwavering commitment to protecting Jewish lives and promoting refugee rights.
Legacy
The War Refugee Board’s legacy extends beyond its own activities. It set a precedent for subsequent humanitarian organizations, such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and informed post-war international refugee policy.
Conclusion
The War Refugee Board, established in 1938, was a vital organization that assisted European refugees, primarily Jewish victims of Nazi persecution, during World War II. Through its operations, the WRB saved countless lives, negotiated with Nazi authorities, and promoted refugee rights. As a significant example of American humanitarian intervention during World War II, the War Refugee Board’s achievements continue to inspire humanitarian efforts today.
Recommendation
To honor the legacy of the War Refugee Board, the following actions can be taken:
- Establish a Modern-Day WRB: Governments and organizations should establish modern-day WRB-like organizations to respond to contemporary refugee crises.
- Promote Refugee Rights: Advocacy for refugee rights and increased funding for refugee assistance are essential in ensuring the continued protection of displaced individuals worldwide.
- Commemoration: Mark the WRB’s contributions with commemorative events and exhibits to educate future generations about the importance of humanitarian intervention.
