Is Deviance Always Considered a Crime?
Deviance, in the context of sociology, refers to behavior or actions that violate social norms, rules, or laws. However, not all deviant behavior is necessarily considered a crime. This article will explore the complexities of deviance and examine the relationship between deviance and criminality.
What is Deviance?
Deviance can take many forms, including crime, but it can also include behavior that is seen as unconventional, unacceptable, or even moral. Deviance can be intentional or unintentional, and it can be committed by individuals or groups. In sociology, deviance is often divided into two categories: moral deviance and conventional deviance.
- Moral deviance: refers to behavior that is seen as morally wrong or offensive, such as theft, murder, or adultery. This type of deviance is often considered a violation of social norms and laws.
- Conventional deviance: refers to behavior that is seen as unconventional or unacceptable, such as wearing ripped jeans or using profanity. This type of deviance is not necessarily illegal, but it can still be seen as deviant by society.
Is Deviance Always Considered a Crime?
No, deviance is not always considered a crime. While some forms of deviance, such as theft or murder, are illegal and considered criminal, other forms of deviance may not be punishable by law. For example:
- Political deviance: behavior that challenges or opposes the political status quo, such as protests or civil disobedience, is not necessarily considered a crime. In fact, these forms of deviance may be seen as a means of promoting social change or challenging unjust laws.
- Cultural deviance: behavior that is culturally or socially unacceptable, but not illegal, such as wearing a hijab in a predominantly Muslim country. This type of deviance may be seen as a violation of social norms, but it is not necessarily considered a crime.
- Religious deviance: behavior that is considered unconventional or unacceptable by some religious groups, such as same-sex relationships or use of contraception, may not be illegal, but can still be seen as deviant by those who oppose it.
The Context of Deviance
The context in which deviance occurs can also influence whether it is considered a crime. For example:
- Social context: deviance may be more likely to be considered a crime in certain social contexts, such as in a predominantly conservative society. In contrast, deviance may be more accepted or tolerated in a society that values diversity and inclusivity.
- Economic context: deviance may be more likely to be considered a crime when it involves economic gain, such as theft or fraud. In contrast, deviance that is motivated by political or social beliefs, such as civil disobedience, may be seen as a means of promoting positive change.
- Power dynamics: deviance may be more likely to be considered a crime when it involves a power imbalance, such as when a wealthy or powerful individual commits an illegal act. In contrast, deviance that challenges the status quo or is committed by those who are marginalized or oppressed may be seen as a means of promoting social change.
Conclusion
In conclusion, deviance is not always considered a crime. While some forms of deviance, such as theft or murder, are illegal and considered criminal, other forms of deviance may not be punishable by law. The context in which deviance occurs, including the social, economic, and power dynamics, can influence whether it is considered a crime. By understanding the complexities of deviance and the factors that influence how it is perceived, we can better appreciate the importance of considering the context of deviance when determining whether it is a crime or not.
Table: Types of Deviance
| Type of Deviance | Description | Legal/Penal |
|---|---|---|
| Moral Deviance | Violation of social norms and laws | Yes |
| Conventional Deviance | Unconventional or unacceptable behavior | No |
| Political Deviance | Challenge to political status quo | No |
| Cultural Deviance | Unacceptable or unconventional behavior | No |
| Religious Deviance | Unconventional or unacceptable behavior | No |
References
- Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. New York: Free Press.
- Cohen, S. (1972). Folk devils and moral panics. London: Paladin.
- Durkheim, E. (1895). The rules of sociological method. Translated by S. A. Solovay & J. H. Moore. New York: Free Press.
- Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672-682.
