What Was Organized Crime?
Organized crime has a long and complex history that dates back centuries. Its roots can be traced to ancient societies where criminal behavior was often sanctioned by tradition and social norms. As societies evolved and became more complex, so did criminal organizations. This article delves into the definition of organized crime, its various forms, and its consequences on society.
A Definition of Organized Crime
Organized crime, also known as organized corruption or organized vice, is a type of criminal organization that is characterized by its structuring, sophistication, and intent to achieve a substantial financial or political gain through illegal activities. Crimes committed by organized criminals often involve fraud, coercion, and violence (Klebanoff and Williams, 2018). These activities can be local, regional, national, or international in scope.
Types of Organized Crime
There are numerous types of organized crime, including:
- Mafia: A term used to describe a traditional organized criminal network that operates through kinship ties, loyalty oaths, and a codified set of rules (RICO, 1996). The original Italian Mafia emerged in Sicily in the 16th century, and from there, it spread throughout Italy and eventually to the United States.
- Triads: A group of Chinese secret societies known for their involvement in racketeering, extortion, and drug trafficking (Smith, 2006). Triads have historically operated in Asia, although some have migrated to North America and Europe.
- Yakuza: A Japanese organized crime network that emerged in the Meiji period (1868-1912) (Lambe, 2007). The yakuza is known for its involvement in extortion, loan-sharking, gambling, and human trafficking.
Characteristics of Organized Crime
Organized crime groups typically exhibit several common characteristics:
- Hierarchical Structure: Decision-making authority is often divided among a hierarchical structure of leaders, associates, and members.
- Economic Motivations: The primary goal of many organized crime groups is economic gain, which can be achieved through theft, extortion, or smuggling.
- Violent Behavior: Organized criminal organizations often resort to violent tactics to achieve their objectives, including threats, blackmail, and intimidation.
- Secrecy: Members of organized crime groups often maintain a code of silence, which can involve refraining from reporting any criminal activities or cooperating with law enforcement.
- Use of Corrupt Power: Organized crime groups may use bribes or other forms of corruption to exert influence over government agencies, law enforcement, and political institutions.
Impacts of Organized Crime
The effects of organized crime can be far-reaching and devastating, including:
- Violence: Organized criminal activity is often accompanied by violence, which can lead to human rights abuses, injuries, and fatalities.
- Corruption: The close relationship between organized crime and corrupt government officials can result in the abuse of political power and undermine trust in government institutions.
- Economic Devastation: Organized crime activities, such as extortion, loan-sharking, and human trafficking, can ravage local economies and distort legitimate business operations.
- Social Breakdown: The presence of organized criminal activity can create a perception of lawlessness and distrust among citizens, leading to social breakdown and community isolation.
Tackling Organized Crime
Authorities have developed various strategies to combat organized crime, including:
- Law Enforcement Cooperation: Encouraging collaboration between different law enforcement agencies to share intelligence, resources, and expertise.
- Anti-Mafia Legislation: Implementing anti-mafia laws and protocols to disrupt and dismantle criminal networks.
- Witness Protection Programs: Providing secure housing, protection, and compensation to individuals who cooperated with investigations or who are willing to testify in court.
- Corruption Prevention: Implementing anti-corruption measures and ensuring transparency and accountability among government officials and law enforcement agencies.
In conclusion, organized crime is a serious threat to societal stability, economic development, and democratic values. It is imperative to understand the characteristics and motivations of organized criminal groups and to develop effective strategies to combat them. Authorities, civil society, and the general public must join forces to create a climate that discourages criminal activities and promotes accountability, fairness, and respect for human rights.
References:
- Klebanoff, S. A., & Williams, P. (2018). What is organized crime? University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 166(3), 531-555.
- RICO (1986). 18 USC § 1961, et seq.
- Smith, R. J. (2006). Japanese organized crime: Its infrastructure, operations, and future prospects. University of Virginia Press.
- Lambe, J. (2007). Yakuza: Japan’s criminal underground. University of California Press.
