When Was the Franco-Prussian War?
The Franco-Prussian War was a six-month conflict between France and Prussia, which concluded with the defeat of the French Second Empire and led to the establishment of a unified German Empire under Otto von Bismarck.
Contents
Background Leading Up to the War
The root of the conflict can be traced back to the year 1866, following the Austro-Prussian War, in which Prussia defeat the Austrian Empire. At the end of the conflict, the Pentalic Treaty was established, which led to a temporary alliance between Prussia and France. However, tensions began to rise on both sides, primarily stemming from the rivalry between Austria and Prussia for political dominance in Europe.
Furthermore, the Hapsburg Empire (German Empire) was divided under Emperor Franz I, while King Francis II of France led the French Second Empire during this period. Tensions between the two monarchical powers grew, fostering a climate of mistrust and hostility.
One significant event that contributed significantly to the outbreak of hostilities was the 1870 election in Germany’s parliament, which saw Chancellor Otto von Bismarck win broad support for his plans on a unified German state while pushing for the dissolution of the German Confederation.
The Ems telegraph dispatch, which saw Bismarck sending a message to Ambassador Benedetti during the 1870 Munich conference, was also significantly contributing to the outbreak. In this dispatch, Kaiser William I renounced the treaty and emphasized his refusal to back down due to French aggression. At this point, it become apparent that war was soon to follow.
The War Begins
July 19, 1870: The Franco-Prussian War officially began on July 19 when Prussian forces in Saarbrücken cross the border into France.
Key Battles & Events:
• July 31, 1870: Battle of Spicheren: The French army led by Marshal François Achille Bazaine is ambushed by Prussian units, resulting in significant setbacks and heavy losses.
• August 4, 1870: Battle of Wörth (Fortified Camp of Villersexel) : The French army forces, led by Napoleon III, withdraw to the fortified camp.
• August 15-18, 1870: Battle of Kolberg: French Marshal Marie-Philippe de Bourqueney is defeated on the outskirts of the Hanoverian city, despite initial successes.
• November 1, 1870: Battle of Sedan: Bazaine’s forces lead by Marshal Bazaine are defeated by Wilhelm I’s forces, bringing the French Second Empire towards its downfall.*
The Aftermath & Armistice
January 1, 1871:
• The Empire of France officially came to an end at the fall of the Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte with the capture of Napoleon IIIL
• Election of the French Assemblies takes place within France, with Jean-Louis-Ernest Meï and Léon Gambetta being elected as delegates
• Borrussian occupation continues along the French-German boarder
May 10, 1871:
• Versailles Peace Treaty has been signed, ending official hostilities between the governments of France and Prussia.
• Prusian victory leads in the creation of the second German Empire under Theodor Fontane, whose rule will last for twenty-eight years.
Conclusion
The Franco-Prussian War, lasting over six months, saw dramatic battles and significant shifts. This war marked the failure of the French Second Empire, and the rise and creation of the German Confederation under Otto von Bismarck.
