Is a Merchant Marine a Veteran?
Contents
Introduction
The United States Merchant Marine has played a vital role in supporting American military efforts throughout its history. From World War I to the present day, merchant mariners have taken to the seas to supply military forces with critical equipment, fuel, and provisions. Despite their important contribution, the question of whether a merchant marine is considered a veteran has been subject to debate. In this article, we will examine the history of the U.S. Merchant Marine and its relationship with the Department of Veterans Affairs to determine if a merchant marine can be considered a veteran.
A Brief History of the U.S. Merchant Marine
The U.S. Merchant Marine has its roots in the early 20th century, when the government began to recognize the need for a national shipping policy. In 1928, the Merchant Marine Act was passed, which led to the establishment of the United States Shipping Board, the precursor to the United States Maritime Administration (MARAD). During World War II, the U.S. Merchant Marine played a critical role in supporting American military efforts, transporting military equipment, supplies, and troops across the Atlantic Ocean. Between 1939 and 1946, over 260 merchant ships were sunk by German and Japanese submarines and torpedo boats, resulting in the loss of over 6,000 lives. The bravery and sacrifices of merchant mariners during World War II earned them five Medal of Honor recipients and numerous other awards.
The Merchant Marine at War
During World War II, the U.S. Merchant Marine was designated as part of the United States’ armed forces, with their operations overseen by the U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD) and the U.S. Naval Intelligence. Merchant ships were armed with anti-submarine guns, depth charges, and even U.S. Navy sailors. Many merchant mariners risked their lives to ensure the safe transportation of essential goods, including military personnel and equipment. An estimated 60,000 merchant mariners were enrolled in the U.S. Armed Forces, and were required to perform the same duties as regular naval officers, including navigation, tactical decision-making, and the management of cargo operations.
Veterans Benefits and the Merchant Marine
Prior to 1988, merchant mariners were eligible for veterans benefits under Public Law 333, 76th Congress. However, this legislation did not provide for burial in Arlington National Cemetery or the use of the Presidential Medal. In 1988, the Merchant Marine is hereby declared to have performed as a belligerent, and to the extent that it performed combat duties, to be accorded the same honors as if it had performed a service in the United States Navy. (Title VI, Section 605(c)).
Despite this legislation, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the U.S. Army Reserve have not fully incorporated merchant mariners into veterans benefits. Many former merchant mariners are required to file separate claims to receive benefits, such as pension, education, and housing benefits. This leaves many merchant mariners confused about their eligibility and has resulted in significant administrative costs and delays.
Recognition of the Merchant Marine as Veterans
In 1993, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, General Edwin Mechem, published a memorandum stating that, in his opinion, a member of the Merchant Marine who served during World War II is a veteran within the meaning of the G.I. Bill. The Department of Veterans Affairs and the U.S. Merchant Marine have continued to assert the veteran status of the merchant mariners, while some have argued that it is not possible for non-military personnel to be considered veterans.
As a result, many advocacy groups, including the Sea-Land Veterans Organization, have been formed to educate merchant mariners about their benefits and to fight for recognition as veterans.
In 2011, the U.S. Navy issued a formal recognition to the U.S. Merchant Marine, stating that:
"…the Merchant Marine deserves to be recognized as part of the U.S. Military during World War II and in all subsequent wars…"
The recognition included honoring merchant mariners at special events, awarding citations for bravery, and inclusion in the Navy’s honor guard.
Conclusion
In conclusion, a merchant marine is technically considered a veteran under United States law, based on the 1988 Merchant Marine Act. Many former merchant mariners are now recognized as veterans, having performed combat duties during times of war. However, the process of granting veterans benefits has been haphazard and slow, with many merchant mariners left confused and excluded. It is our responsibility to ensure that merchant mariners receive the respect, recognition, and benefits they deserve. Only then can we honor their bravery and sacrifices.
Table of Federal Benefits for Merchant Mariner Veterans
| Benefit | Eligibility |
|---|---|
| Burial at Arlington National Cemetery | Denied |
| Presidential Medal of Freedom | Denied |
| Education Benefits (GI Bill) | Partially covered |
| Pension Benefits (Dependency and Indemnity Compensation) | Limited coverage |
| Healthcare Services | Limited coverage |
| Disability Compensation | Partially covered |
| Housing Loans and Grants | Partially covered |
Note: This table is a partial list of federal benefits that merchant mariners may be eligible for. For more information, please refer to the Department of Veterans Affairs website or consult a VA representative.
Remember to always check for more information and consult the necessary resources before making any conclusion or decision.
